Diversity of culturable endophytic fungi vary through time in Manihot esculenta Crantz

Abstract Endophytic fungi are a ubiquituos group that colonize all plant species on earth. Studies comparing the location of endophytic fungi within the leaves and the sampling time in Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) are limited. In this study, mature leaves of M. esculenta from Panama were collected in order to compare the cultivable diversity of endophytic fungi and to determine their distribution within the leaves. A total of one hundred sixty endophytes belonging to 97 species representing 13 genera and 8 morphospecies determined as mycelia sterilia that containing 63 isolates were isolated. Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia, and mycelia sterilia 1 and 3 were the most predominant isolated endophytes. We detected that endophytes varied across the sampling time, but not amongst locations within leaves. The endophytes composition across sampling and the location of endophytes within leaf was similar, except for Periconia and mycelia sterilia 3 and 7. The data generated in this study contribute to the knowledge on the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Panama, and establish the bases for future research focused on understanding the function of endophytes in M. esculenta crops.

Resumo Os fungos endofíticos são um grupo ubiquituo que colonizam todas as espécies de plantas na terra. Os estudos que comparam a localização dos fungos endofíticos dentro das folhas de Manihot esculenta Crantz (mandioca) e o tempo de amostragem são muito escassos. Neste estudo, folhas maduras de M. esculenta foram coletadas do Panamá com a finalidade de comparar a diversidade cultivável de endófitos e determinar sua distribuição dentro das folhas. Um total de 170 endófitos foram isolados de 97 espécies que representam 13 gêneros e 8 morfoespécies determinadas como micélios esterilizados contendo 63 isolados. Os fungos Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia e mycelia sterilia 1 e 3 foram os isolados mais predominantes. Também detectamos que os endófitos variaram ao longo do tempo de amostragem, mas não entre os locais dentro das folhas. A composição de endófitos na amostragem e localização de endófitos dentro da folha foi semelhante, exceto para Periconia e mycelia sterilia 3 e 7. Os dados gerados neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de fungos endofíticos no Panamá e estabelecem as bases para pesquisas sobre o entendimento da função de endófitos em culturas de M. esculenta.

Diversity of culturable endophytic fungi vary through time in Manihot esculenta Crantz / A diversidade de fungos endofíticos cultiváveis ​​varia ao longo do tempo em Manihot esculenta Crantz

Abstract Endophytic fungi are a ubiquituos group that colonize all plant species on earth. Studies comparing the location of endophytic fungi within the leaves and the sampling time in Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) are limited. In this study, mature leaves of M. esculenta from Panama were collected in order to compare the cultivable diversity of endophytic fungi and to determine their distribution within the leaves. A total of one hundred sixty endophytes belonging to 97 species representing 13 genera and 8 morphospecies determined as mycelia sterilia that containing 63 isolates were isolated. Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia, and mycelia sterilia 1 and 3 were the most predominant isolated endophytes. We detected that endophytes varied across the sampling time, but not amongst locations within leaves. The endophytes composition across sampling and the location of endophytes within leaf was similar, except for Periconia and mycelia sterilia 3 and 7. The data generated in this study contribute to the knowledge on the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Panama, and establish the bases for future research focused on understanding the function of endophytes in M. esculenta crops.

Resumo Os fungos endofíticos são um grupo ubiquituo que colonizam todas as espécies de plantas na terra. Os estudos que comparam a localização dos fungos endofíticos dentro das folhas de Manihot esculenta Crantz (mandioca) e o tempo de amostragem são muito escassos. Neste estudo, folhas maduras de M. esculenta foram coletadas do Panamá com a finalidade de comparar a diversidade cultivável de endófitos e determinar sua distribuição dentro das folhas. Um total de 170 endófitos foram isolados de 97 espécies que representam 13 gêneros e 8 morfoespécies determinadas como micélios esterilizados contendo 63 isolados. Os fungos Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia e mycelia sterilia 1 e 3 foram os isolados mais predominantes. Também detectamos que os endófitos variaram ao longo do tempo de amostragem, mas não entre os locais dentro das folhas. A composição de endófitos na amostragem e localização de endófitos dentro da folha foi semelhante, exceto para Periconia e mycelia sterilia 3 e 7. Os dados gerados neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da biodiversidade de fungos endofíticos no Panamá e estabelecem as bases para pesquisas sobre o entendimento da função de endófitos em culturas de M. esculenta.

Community structure of endophytic fungi in roots and leaves of Fagopyrum mill and Avena sativa in a Chinese northern cold region

In order to explore the endophytic fungi of Fagopyrum Mill and Avena sativa, Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the community structure and diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves and roots of buckwheat and oat at the mature stage. The results of community structure showed that there were 205 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in buckwheat roots and 181 OTUs in buckwheat leaves based on 97% sequence similarity level. There were 152 OTUs and 127 OTUs in the root and the leaf of oat, respectively. At the phylum level, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant endophytic fungi in buckwheat roots and leaves, while Ascomycota was the dominant endophytic fungus in oat roots and leaves. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the Ace index, Chao index and Shannon index of buckwheat roots were higher than that of buckwheat leaves, and the three indices of oat roots were also higher than that of oat leaves, indicating that the richness and diversity of endophytic fungi community in roots were higher than that in leaves. Biomarkers were found by significant difference analysis in buckwheat and oat. The endophytic functional groups of buckwheat and oat were mainly distributed in Pathotroph and Saprotroph. The results of this study laid a foundation for fully exploiting the dominant endophytic fungal resources of buckwheat and oat and further developing microbial fertilizers.

Lista preliminar de hongos (Ascomycota y Basidiomycota) y mixomicetos (Myxomycota) de la Isla del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica

Introducción: El inventario de hongos y mixomicetos en la Isla del Coco es un proceso relativamente reciente. El primer registro de hongos fue publicado por Cooke y Bonar (1961), seguido por los listados de Fosberg y Klawe (1966), Gómez (1983) y las contribuciones de Mata (2003) y Mata, Halling, y Mueller (2003). Posteriormente a estos estudios sobre hongos, Rojas y Stevenson (2008) llevaron a cabo una investigación sobre diversidad, ecología y distribución de los mixomicetos. Objetivo: Presentar una recopilación y actualización taxonómica del inventario de hongos y mixomicetos que fueron recolectados en la Isla del Coco y facilitar el conocimiento sobre su diversidad en la isla. Métodos: La lista aquí proporcionada está basada en la revisión de la literatura disponible hasta la fecha, la consulta de bases de datos de herbarios y en la identificación de los especímenes recolectados recientemente por varios investigadores del Departamento de Historia Natural del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Se realizaron tres giras de campo a la isla para recolectar y fotografiar especímenes. Estas giras se llevaron a cabo entre los años 2016 y 2017, en los meses de junio, noviembre y diciembre. Los nombres de las especies incluidas se ajustaron de acuerdo con la base de datos en línea Index Fungorum. Resultados: Un total de 648 registros distribuidos en 401 hongos (principalmente macrohongos) y 247 mixomicetos fueron analizados para la Isla del Coco. Este número de registros representa 185 especies, de las cuales 139 corresponden a hongos y 46 a mixomicetos. Los hongos registrados se distribuyeron en 85 géneros, 46 familias (cuatro de ellas bajo el término "Incertae sedis"), 21 órdenes (dos de ellos como "Incertae sedis") y dos divisiones (Ascomycota y Basidiomycota); mientras tanto, los mixomicetos se clasificaron en 21 géneros, 10 familias, 5 órdenes y una división (Myxomycota). La familia mejor representada en Ascomycota fue Xylariaceae (8 spp.), seguida por Pyronemataceae (3 spp.) y Sarcoscyphaceae (2 spp.). En Basidiomycota, las familias más diversas fueron Omphalotaceae y Polyporaceae (ambas tienen 11 spp.), seguidas por Marasmiaceae (10 spp.), Agaricaceae (8 spp.), Hymenochaetaceae (8 spp.), Mycenaceae (8 spp.), Ganodermataceae (6 spp.) y Meripilaceae (6 spp.). Las familias con mayor número de especies registradas en Myxomycota fueron Stemonitidaceae (14 spp.), Physaraceae (8 spp.), Trichiaceae (6 spp.), Didymiaceae (5 spp.) y Arcyriaceae (4 spp.). Treinta y cuatro especies se registran por primera vez para la Isla del Coco, la mayor parte de ellas pertenecen a hongos (Ascomycota, 8 spp. y Basidiomycota, 21 spp.) y las restantes especies (5) a mixomicetos. En la isla algunas especies registradas son relevantes por sus propiedades comestibles o medicinales. Se incluyen fotografías de algunos de los hongos que fueron recolectados en la isla. Conclusiones: La lista generada en este estudio es todavía preliminar para los hongos y mixomicetos que se han registrado en la Isla del Coco, debido a que ciertos grupos como los microhongos han sido poco recolectados.

Introduction: The inventory of fungi and myxomycetes on Cocos Island is a relatively recent process. The first record of fungi was published by Cooke & Bonar (1961), followed by the listings of Fosberg & Klawe (1966), Gómez (1983), and the contributions of Mata (2003) and Mata, Halling, & Mueller (2003). Subsequent to these studies on fungi, Rojas & Stevenson (2008) carried out research on the diversity, ecology and distribution of myxomycetes. Objective: To present a compilation and taxonomic update of the inventory of fungi and myxomycetes that were registered on Cocos Island and to facilitate the knowledge about their diversity on the island. Methods: The list provided here is based on the review of available literature, databases of herbaria and on the determination of the specimens collected recently by several researchers of the Department of Natural History of the National Museum of Costa Rica. Three field trips were made to the island to collect and photograph specimens. These field trips took place between 2016 and 2017, in the months of June, November and December. The names of the species included were adjusted according to the online database Index Fungorum. Results: A total of 648 records distributed in 401 fungi (mainly macrofungi) and 247 myxomycetes were analyzed for Cocos Island. This number of records represent 185 species, of which 139 correspond to fungi and 46 to myxomycetes. The fungi registered were distributed in 85 genera, 46 families (four of them under the term "Incertae sedis"), 21 orders (two of them as "Incertae sedis") and two divisions (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota); meanwhile, the myxomycetes were classified in 21 genera, 10 families, 5 orders and one division (Myxomycota). The family represented most in Ascomycota was Xylariaceae (8 spp.), followed by Pyronemataceae (3 spp.) and Sarcoscyphaceae (2 spp.). In Basidiomycota, the most diverse families were Omphalotaceae and Polyporaceae (both had 11 spp.), followed by Marasmiaceae (10 spp.), Agaricaceae (8 spp.), Hymenochaetaceae (8 spp.), Mycenaceae (8 spp.), Ganodermataceae (6 spp.) and Meripilaceae (6 spp.). The families with the highest number of species recorded in Myxomycota were Stemonitidaceae (14 spp.), Physaraceae (8 spp.), Trichiaceae (6 spp.), Didymiaceae (5 spp.) and Arcyriaceae (4 spp.). Thirty-four species were recorded for the first time for Cocos Island, the majority of them belonging to fungi (Ascomycota, 8 spp. and Basidiomycota, 21 spp.) and the remaining species (5) to myxomycetes. On the island, some of the species registered are relevant because of their edible or medicinal properties. Photographs of some of the fungi collected on the island are included. Conclusions: The list generated in this study is still preliminary for the fungi and myxomycetes that were registered on Cocos Island due to certain groups such as microfungi being scarcely collected.

Alternaria yunnanensis sp. nov., a New Alternaria Species Causing Foliage Spot of Rubber Tree in China

A new species of Alternaria causing leaf spots on the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in Yunnan, China, was isolated, examined, and illustrated. Morphologically, it belongs to the section Porri of Alternaria, which produces relatively large conidia and a simple or branched, filamentous long beak. It is, however, characterized by conidiophores gradually enlarging near the apex into a clavate conidiogenous cell and long ellipsoid to obclavate, smooth-walled conidia with a long filamentous beak. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA, GAPDH, and TEF1-alpha sequences demonstrate that the phytopathogen falls in the clade of the section Porri, being most closely related to A. sidae, A. sennae, A. deseriticola, A. cyamopsidis, A. rostellata, A. nitrimali, A. crassa, and A. thunbergiae.

Conidial fungi associated with leaf litter of red cedar (Cedrela odorata) in Belém, Pará (eastern Brazilian Amazon) / Fungos conidiais associados com o folhedo de cedro vermelho (Cedrela odorata) em Belém, Pará (Amazônia Oriental brasileira)

The aim of this study was to investigate the species of conidial fungi associated with leaf litter of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae), an endangered red cedar species typical of Amazonian terra-firme forests. Conidial fungi were sampled around C. odorata individuals in three forest areas in the municipality of Belém (Pará State, Brazil). A total of 104 species were identified, with 53 new records for the state of Pará, 46 first records for the Brazilian Amazon, including new records for Brazil (Cordana abramovii), for South America (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) and for the Americas (Dactylaria biguttulata). A review of species of conidial fungi reported on C. odorata is provided, indicating its distribution in Brazil. For each new record in Brazil, South America and the Americas we present a description, illustrations, geographical distribution and taxonomic comments.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as espécies de fungos conidiais associadas com o folhedo de Cedrela odorata, uma espécie de cedro vermelho ameaçada, típica de florestas de terra firme da Amazônia. Fungos conidiais foram amostrados no folhedo ao redor de indivíduos de C. odorata em três áreas florestais no município de Belém (PA). Um total de 104 espécies foi identificado, com 53 novos registros para o Estado do Pará e 46 que representam o primeiro registro para a Amazônia brasileira. Dentre estas, foram encontrados novos registros para o Brasil (Cordana abramovii), para a América do Sul (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) e para as Américas (Dactylaria biguttulata). Uma revisão das espécies de fungos conidiais relatadas em C. odorata é fornecida, indicando sua distribuição no Brasil. Para cada novo registro no Brasil, América do Sul e Américas apresentamos uma descrição, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos.

Fungal community diversity changes of Lianzhifan solution during fermentation process by high-throughput sequence technology / 中草药

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of fungal communitiy diversity and dominant fungal communitiy of Lianzhifan solution in the fermentation process, so as to provide a scientific basis for the scientific fermentation. Methods Different samples was furtherly measured by Illumina HiSeq sequencing technique for the sequence of ITS2 variable region of fungi from Lianzhifan solution. QIIME, Mothur, and R software programs were employed to sort and calculate the number of sequences and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for each sample. The composition, abundance, distribution, alpha diversity index of species, and beta diversity were analyzed to clarify the dynamic changes of fungal communities in structure, diversity, and abundance during the process of fermentation. Results The numbers of effective sequences for four different fermentation periods were 207 068; The rarefaction curves showed a sufficient sequencing depth, and the number of OTUs was close to saturation, which can fully display the fungal community structure of the Lianzhifan solution. The Fungi in Lianzhifan solution belonged to the following five phylums: Ascomycota (74.21%), Basidiomycota (7.31%), Rozellomycota (2.62%), Zygomycota (0.66%), and Glomeromycota (0.01%). The dominant specie was identified to the Ascomycota. Results on the number of OTUs, Chao1 index, ACE index, and Shannon index showed that Lianzhifan solution had high abundance and diversity of fungal community, and total abundance and diversity of the upper and lower layers gradually increased during the fermentation process. Among them, the abundance and diversity of the upper samples increased during the whole process, while the lower samples showed a decrease firstly and followed by a dramatically increase, despite the diversity of the upper layer was obviously higher than that of the lower layer. Conclusion Illumina HiSeq sequencing technique can be used to determine the dynamic changes of fungal communities in structure, diversity, and abundance during the process of fermentation, which provides a reference for the scientific fermentation.

Primer registro de la familia Morchellaceae (Ascomycota: Pezizales) para Colombia

Se registra por primera vez al género Morchella Dill. ex Pers. (Ascomycota, Pezizales), único representante de la familia Morchellaceae para la micobiota Colombiana. El ascocarpo fue recolectado en un bosque muy húmedo premontano, en la vereda Santa Helena, municipio de Gachalá, departamento de Cundinamarca. El espécimen es descrito e ilustrado con fotografías y se aporta información sobre su distribución, ecología y sustrato de crecimiento. La identidad taxonómica del ejemplar es discutida de acuerdo al concepto morfológico tradicional establecido en la literatura micológica. Con este reporte, en Colombia el orden Pezizales queda constituido por 17 especies contenidas en 12 géneros y 7 familias.

The genus Marchella Dill. ex Pers. (Ascomycota, Pezizales) is registered for the first time as the only representative of the Morchellaceae family for the Colombian mycobiota. The ascocarp was collected in a cloud montane forest, in the village of Santa Helena, municipality of Gachalá, department of Cundinamarca. The specimen is described and illustrated with photographies, and information on distribution, ecology and growth substrate is provided. The taxonomic identity of the specimen is discussed according to the traditional morphological concept established in the mycological literature. With this report, the order Pezizales in Colombia is constituted by 17 species contained in 12 genera and 7 families.

Three New Records of Ascomycetes Isolates from Field Soils in Korea

Three new records of Ascomycota species (Chaetomium acropullum, Phialemonium globosum, Phialemonium atrogriseum) from field soils in Korea are presented in this study. These newly discovered fungal isolates were isolated from field soils from various places across Gyeongnam, Korea in 2016. All the isolates were identified and described based on morphological characteristics, and rDNA internal transcribed spacer and β-tubulin gene sequence data. Morphological features of these fungal species were studied on different agar media: potato dextrose agar, oatmeal agar, malt extract agar, Czapek yeast extract agar, and yeast extract sucrose agar. Full description and illustrations of their morphological characters are provided. These fungal species have not officially been previously reported in Korea.

Endophytic Fungi as Novel Resources of natural Therapeutics

ABSTRACT Fungal endophytes constitute a major part of the unexplored fungal diversity. Endophytic fungi (EF) are an important source for novel, potential and active metabolites. Plant-endophyte interaction and endophyte -endophyte interactions study provide insights into mutualism and metabolite production by fungi. Bioactive compounds produced by endophytes main function are helping the host plants to resist external biotic and abiotic stress, which benefit the host survival in return. These organisms mainly consist of members of the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Oomycota. Recently, the genome sequencing technology has emerged as one of the most efficient tools that can provide whole information of a genome in a small period of time. Endophytes are fertile ground for drug discovery. EFare considered as the hidden members of the microbial world and represent an underutilized resource for new therapeutics and compounds. Endophytes are rich source of natural products displaying broad spectrum of biological activities like anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-arthritis and anti-inflammatory.

Fonsecaea pedrosoi as a rare cause of acute conjunctival ulceration / Fonsecaea pedrosoi como agente raramente associado à úlcera conjuntival aguda

ABSTRACT Conjunctival ulceration accompanied with secretion and pain was observed in a 30-year-old male, 3 days after a perforating corneal trauma. Cultures of conjunctival ulcer samples grew Fonsecaea pedrosoi, a major causative agent of chromoblastomycosis that is typically transmitted during trauma. The conjunctival ulcer was successfully treated with amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole. This case report summarizes the diagnosis and treatment of a conjunctival ulcer due to F. pedrosoi, which is a rare complication of contaminated ocular trauma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of F. pedrosoi causing acute conjunctival ulceration in the literature.

RESUMO O quadro clínico de uma úlcera conjuntival acompanhada de secreção e dor foi observado em homem de 30 anos de idade, 3 dias após um trauma perfurante da córnea. As culturas de uma amostra retirada da úlcera conjuntival foi positiva para Fonsecaea pedrosoi, uma cromoblastomicose, geralmente transmitido após traumatismos. O caso foi tratado com sucesso com a anfotericina B, itraconazol e fluconazol. Este relato de caso reporta o diagnóstico e tratamento de uma úlcera conjuntival causada por F. pedrosoi, que raramente é visto nos olhos expostos a traumatismos contaminados. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro caso relatado na literatura de F. pedrosoi causando úlcera conjuntival aguda.

Primer registro de Talaromyces udagawae relacionado con cuerpos humanos en descomposición, en suelo de la Argentina / First record of Talaromyces udagawae in soil related to decomposing human remains in Argentina

The morphologic features of Talaromyces udagawae Stolk and Samson are here described and illustrated. This teleomorphic Ascomycota fungus was isolated from soil obtained in Buenos Aires province (Argentina) from beneath a human cadaver in an advanced state of decomposition. After washing and serial dilution of the soil along with moist-chamber techniques for fungal cultivation, T. udagawae formed very restricted colonies of bright yellow color on different growth media with 8-ascospored asci. The ascospores were ellipsoidal and ornamented. The anamorphic state was not observed. Molecular-genetic techniques identified the species. The present record is the first of the species in Argentina, pointing it as a tool to identify soils where cadaver decomposition occurs.

Se describen e ilustran las características morfológicas de Talaromyces udagawae Stolk y Samson. Se aisló el estado teleomórfico de este hongo Ascomycota de suelo obtenido en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), por debajo de un cadáver humano en avanzado estado de descomposición. Las muestras de suelo fueron analizadas mediante lavado, dilución seriada y cámaras húmedas, técnicas ampliamente usadas para el estudio de hongos de suelo. T. udagawae formó colonias muy restringidas de color amarillo brillante en diferentes medios de cultivo, con ascos con 8 ascosporas. Las ascosporas eran elipsoidales y ornamentadas. No fue hallado el estado anamórfico. La especie también fue identificada mediante técnicas moleculares. El presente registro es el primero de la especie en la Argentina y el único que la postula como herramienta para identificar suelos donde ocurre una descomposición cadavérica.

New Records of Xylaria Species in Korea: X. ripicola sp. nov. and X. tentaculata

During a Korean mushroom diversity survey from 2011 to 2014, we found one new Xylaria species (X. ripicola sp. nov.) and one Xylaria species that had not been previously observed in Korea (X. tentaculata). To confirm the phylogenetic placement of the new species, we conducted a phylogenetic investigation based on internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA sequences. Additionally, the new species, X. ripicola, was subsequently analyzed for RNA polymerase II subunit sequences. We also evaluated the macroscopic and microscopic features of this species. Herein, X. ripicola is described as a new species that was collected from a natural beach habitat and X. tentaculata is formally reported as newly found in Korea.

Kretzschmaria quercicola sp. nov., an Undescribed Fungus from Living Oak in Mt. Daeryong, Korea

We encountered an unfamiliar ascomycete fruiting body, fitting characteristics of the genus Kretzschmaria, which features in a stipitate ascigerous stroma with carbonaceous interior and disintegrating perithecia. In this study, we report and characterize a new species of the decaying fungus. Compared to other species, one of the notable features of this specimen (TPML150908-046) is its stromatal size (up to 15 cm). Although TPML150908-046 is morphologically similar to K. milleri and K. sandvicensis, it differs sharply from both species in apical ring size (TPML150908-046, 6.5~10.5 µm; K. milleri, 11~16 µm) and ascospore width (TPML150908-046, 10.5~17 µm; K. sandvicensis, 8.5~11.5 µm). Phylogenetic trees based on β-tubulin, ITS, and RPB2 sequences showed that our collection clustered with K. sandvicensis, with the respective similarities for these sequences being 95.6%, 91.3%, and 97.7%, signifying it as another species. With these results, we report it as a new species, which we call Kretzschmaria quercicola sp. nov.

Notes on Three Species of the Genus Euphoriomyces (Laboulbeniales) from Korea

Three species of the genus Euphoriomyces (Laboulbeniales) were found newly from Korea. E. agathidii (Maire) Tavales was collected from Agathidium sp. (Leiodidae, Coleoptera). The characteristic traits of this species are the distal portion of the primary axis composed of 5~11 superposed layers and bearing more or less the elongated appendages. E. cybocephali (Thaxter) Thaxter was collected from Pseudocolenis hilleri Reitter (Leiodidae, Coleoptera). The primary axis of this species composed of 5~9 superposed layers is simple, not branched and a single antheridium occurs on the apex of the secondary axis. E. sugiyamae Majewski was collected from Scaphisoma rufum Achard (Scaphidiidae, Coleoptera). This species is very unique in having the antheridia formed as coner cells with lateral necks.